The Flu Isn't What You Think It Is 

& Why You Should Get Your Vaccines Every Year

Image above is from:www.bcm.edu

            Something smaller than you can see has taken over a hundred million lives. It is an invisible killer. The flu is an amazing shapeshifter and has been here for generations and generations. Why get a vaccine? What is in a vaccine? What is the flu? Recent times has people scared to get vaccines but this article will set the record straight. 

            So what is the flu? Influenza, or "the flu," is a virus, meaning that is is a non-living vessel that has the genetic material inside its capsid or "shell" to replicate. The flu cannot replicate on its own and requires the host to replicate. The Flu is a respiratory infection that can spread from person to person via coughs or sneezes or even infected surfaces. 

        The flus that infect people are influenza type A and B. They are composed of eight segmented strands of RNA. These segments contain the instructions for making new viruses and are crucial for how they cause infection. In the picture above you can see these surface proteins labeled HA (hemagglutinin) and NA (neuraminidase). These spikes are what interact with your cells and are the main targets for fighting the virus.

           Influenza is always changing due to antigenic drift and shift. Drift is when small mutations happen in the virus's RNA over time. These alter the structure of the surface proteins mentioned above (HA and NA) slightly. These slight variations can drastically alter your bodies immune system to effectively fight the virus. Shift is when a major change happens. The segments of RNA swap genetic material and can create new types of viruses that our bodies have not seen before. This can lead to pandemics and fast spread of the flu. 

Image from: www.monash.edu

            Why get the vaccine each year? The flu strains are constantly circulating and changing year to year. Scientists and professionals monitor the changes happening in the flu and can track the individual RNA sequence changes in the virus. This is important because scientists are able to match the vaccine to what is going to be or most likely to be the strain that is most likely to infect people. Last year's immunity may not fully protect you for the next year, because the flu this season may be different from last year. Getting the current vaccine is important because they match it to what is going to infect you that year. It is designed for the incoming flu season, not for any other year but the current one based on the data they collect. 

            What is in the vaccine? While the flu vaccine does contain the virus, it contains an inactive or dead virus, so it's unlikely to make you sick. Other ingredients are present in vaccines. For example, formaldehyde is included to inactivate the viruses and bacteria that could contaminate the vaccine during production. While formaldehyde is toxic at high doses, the amounts in vaccines are harmless. Formaldehyde is also a product of digestive function. In some multi-dose vaccines, there is also thimerosal, used to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi that could contaminate the vaccine. The vaccine also contains stabilizers like sugars or salts to help maintain the effectiveness during transport and storage, as well as preservatives to keep the vaccine safe and viable. Vaccines are always tested and are safe for the general population to consume. Medical professionals would not give the vaccine if it was not safe.

            Vaccines are safe! Not only are they safe, but they decrease your risk of getting sick and build your immunity while lowering the symptoms if you do get infected. The more people that take the vaccine, the more people are safe. Getting your vaccine should be a part of your general health routine, because they create a safer space for you and the people around you. Something that you can't see has shaped parts of human history, caused pandemics, and has evolved over time, year after year. The flu is not just a simple cold. It is a virus that adapts to survive, but science adapts too. Through research, monitoring, and vaccination, we have tools to reduce its impact and help humanity. 

Articles Used:

https://www.cdc.gov/flu/php/viruses/genetic-characterization.html

https://www.cdc.gov/flu/php/viruses/change.html

https://www.cdc.gov/flu/php/viruses/index.html

https://www.cdc.gov/flu/php/viruses/change.html

https://www.lung.org/blog/reasons-flu-shots

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321207#ingredients

When in Rome… You Prescribe What?

 

Ancient Romans really used poop as medicine—and chemistry proved it 

  Credit: Credi 

A recent Phys.org article “Poop as medicine? A Roman vial's chemistry backs up ancient

medical texts” reports that scientists just found the first real evidence that ancient Romans

actually used human poop as medicine. Old medical textbooks have referenced this practice

before, but nobody had any direct physical evidence until now. Dr. İlker Demirbolat, a

professor at Cumhuriyet University, got their hands on an ancient Roman glass vial

called an unguentarium, estimated to be around 1,800 years old, that managed to preserve

a small amount of dried residue inside.

They analyzed the residue using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry, or

GC-MS for short. Basically, it’s a technique that separates substances into their

chemical components for identification. What did they find? Molecules called coprostanol

and 24-ethylcoprostanol. These are strongly indicative of fecal matter, and the ratio of

chemicals pointed to a human source. There was also carvacrol, a chemical from thyme oil,

which was likely used to help cover up the smell.

 

 

 

 

Without analytical chemistry, this whole discovery wouldn’t even be possible.

GC-MS lets scientists pick out chemical “fingerprints” from ancient residues,

nearly 2000 years old. Thanks these characteriation techniques we knowancient doctors like Galen weren’t just making up weird poop treatments,

they actually did them.

On a larger scale, the researchers think the Romans prepared this fecal

medicine for therapeutic treatment and thyme could have been added to keep

the patient from gagging or refusing the treatment due to the smell. It sounds gross,

and rightly so, but it lines up with something we do today: fecal microbiota transplants

or FMT. Doctors actually use these to treat serious gut infections. So, as much

as we cringe, the core idea—using gut bacteria to heal—still matters.

If I’m honest, I never thought I’d be reading about ancient bottled poop in a

conversation about chemistry, but here we are. It’s really gross, but kind of

amazing that chemistry can still pull secrets out of an ancient bottle after almost

2,000 years. And the weirdest part? Modern medicine is just a more refined

version of the same principle.

 

 Paul Arnold, Phys.org (Feb 4, 2026)

https://phys.org/news/2026-02-poop-medicine-roman-vial-chemistry.html

 

Are Black Plastic Kitchen Tools Toxic?

 Do we need to get rid of our black plastic kitchen tools?  Katie Okamoto reports in a recent New York Times piece that "research suggests that there's a chance that black plastic in particular may contain low levels of toxic chemicals.  But she then notes that "a math error in one high-profile study led the authors to issue a correction, though the authors maintained there conclusion stands."

Let's look at that study and that error.  Joseph Brean at the National Post examines the paper and it's conclusions.  The study found that "using contaminated kitchenware could cause a median uptake of 34,700 nanograms of decabromodiphenylether," a fire retardant known as BDE-209.   By contaminated kitchenware they mean black plastic kitchenware.  The fire retardant makes it's way into the utensils by way of the recycling of plastics from various electronics, usually from Asia.  The BDI-209 is considered toxic by the EPA which has set a reference dose at 7000 nanograms per kg of bodyweight per day.  The reference dose is a dose below which there is not a serious risk toxic consequences.  The authors of the study then calculate the reference dose for a 60 kg adult as 42,000 nanograms per day and conclude that their median uptake is 80% of the reference dose.  The problem is that the reference dose for a 60 kg adult should be 60 x 7000 or 420,000 nanograms per day so that their median uptake number is on 8% of the reference dose which hardly seems cause for concern.  Nevertheless while the authors published a correction fixing the number they did not change their conclusion.

Okamoto goes on the list possible health problems from plastics in general including the dangers of microplastic generated from degradation of plastics in the environment.  She also notes that black plastic is difficult to sort and reuse in typical US community recycling processes.  She recommends replacing black plastic utensils with silicon utensils which seem functionally equivalent and not especially expensive.

While Okamoto's conclusions seem reasonable a least for customers purchasing new utensils, the information available hardly justify throwing your black plastic utensils away. The message might be that research from advocacy groups needs to be viewed with some skepticism.  The research discussed here came from the advocacy group "Toxic Free Future" and was published in Chemosphere, a peer-reviewed journal.  This is discouraging since the error is a simple one and it's discovery should have triggered some change in the conclusions of the paper which it did not.

The Cost of Cutting the Science Budget

 The administration's cuts to federal science funding could have substantial costs in long term economic development according to studies cited in a NYTimes report (04/30/2025) by NYT chief economics reporter Ben Casselman.  

Researchers like this may disappear as a result of Trump Administration

Science budget cuts

An American University study found that a 25% cut in science funding would result in a long term reduction of 3.8% in US GDP and a 4.4% reduction in government revenues.  That is comparable to the effects of the Great Recession which ended in 2009.  The reduction would occur over years rather than months, but it would be more lasting.  The AU study is consistent with other studies.  A recent study by the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas found that government sponsored research accounted for 20% of the productivity growth since WWII.  An author of the Federal Reserve study, Texas A&M economist Andrew Fieldhouse, said, “If you look at a long period of time, a lot of our increase in living standards seems to be coming from public investment in scientific research, The rates of return are just really high.”

There is a tradition of private and philanthropic research support for hospitals, medical research institutes, commercial product development, and sometimes particular fundamental research resources like telescopes.  But government supports sustained long term research that provides fundamental understanding of the world around us and new knowledge that belongs to the public rather than private entities.  The studies suggest that this research is simply irreplaceable.

The report is obviously positive on science in general and by implication chemistry in particular.  One bit of context would be the extent to which large reductions in the science budgets would actually reduce the federal overall budget and particularly the federal deficit.

Synthetic Amber Fossils?

 

Sometimes scientists can't tell the difference between synthetic amber and real 

fossilized tree resin

Scientists are learning to make synthetic amber that can be indistinguishable from actual fossilized tree resin according to a NYTimes article (March 24, 2025) by Richard Fisher.  Citing an article in the journal "Scientific Reports" by researchers from the Field Museum in Chicago Fisher describes a process involving living tree resin, heat and pressure to yield a product similar in appearance to fossilized amber.  

The process resembles cooking a meal in a pressure cooker.  The process seems to have an effect similar to "diagenesis" which over millions of years can chemically transform biological materials in to rock.  While some of the synthetic samples were imperfect, a few had properties similar to amber fossils.  They were darkened, had fracture lines and were lustrous.  In some instances they appeared indistinguishable from fossilized amber.

The scientists hope to better understand the fossilization process and the effects it has on fossilized biomolecules.  This will facilitate a better understanding of the fossil record.

Amber forms by the free radical polymerization of several members of the labdane family of diterpenes and trienes.  These may differ among tree species.  With age the polymers grow and crosslink giving amber its characteristic translucent luster and smooth surface.  Further studies will be required to elucidate the biochemical details of actual fossilization processes.  

Particularly relevant to the chemical significance of these studies are the remarks quoted by Fisher of Maria McNamara, a paleontologist at University College Cork, Ireland, not involved in the study:

“What we really want to get a handle on is which resins polymerize faster,” she said. She also pointed out that a chemical analysis of the accelerated amber was necessary to know how close — or not — it was to the real stuff. “The tree resin has survived, but we need a proper, full chemical characterization,” she said.

Thus it turns out that chemistry is valuable in paleontology as it is in so many areas of science.

  

 

 

Government Agencies on the Source of the Covid 19 Virus

 

John Ratcliffe, new CIA Director

Julian E. Barnes reports in a New York Times piece of January 25, 2025 on the status of the debate in the intelligence community over the origins of the Covid 19 virus.  He reports that after years of asserting that insufficient information is available to draw conclusions the latest CIA assessment leans towards the "Lableak" theory as opposed to the theory that the virus originated naturally in a Wuhan animal market.

Citing "a senior intelligence official" Barnes reports that in the final weeks of the Biden administration Jake Sullivan, the National Security Advisor, ordered a classified review of the pandemic's origins.  He instructed the analysts to take a position one way or the other.  It is this assessment that concluded that the virus somehow escaped one of the secure laboratories in Wuhan.  Ratcliffe who has long supported the Lableak theory made the decision to declassify the assessment.  The analysts' report says that the assessment is made with "low confidence" meaning that it is based on fragmentary and incomplete intelligence. Citing "intelligence officials" Barnes says that the assessment is not based on new intelligence but the result of reexamination of the same intelligence that has long been available.

Barnes says that "five agencies including the National Intelligence Council and the Defense Intelligence Agency assessed that natural exposure most likely caused the epidemic." But that assessment was also made with low confidence.

Barnes also says the two agencies, the FBI and the Department of Energy, assessed a lab leak origin, but they disagree on which lab was the source of the leak.

Perhaps the crux of the matter is in the following that Barnes summarizes from conversations with senior Biden administration officials responsible for the new analysis:

These officials say that there are powerful logical arguments for both the lab leak and the natural causes theories, but that there simply is no decisive piece of intelligence on either side of the issue.

To boost the natural origins theory, intelligence officers would like to find the animal that passed it to a human or find a bat carrying what was the likely ancestor of the coronavirus that causes Covid.

Similarly, to seal the lab leak, the intelligence community would like to find evidence that one of the labs in Wuhan was working on a progenitor virus that directly led to the epidemic.

Neither piece of evidence has been found.

In principle decisive evidence might be found in files hidden in one of the Wuhan labs, but finding such a thing would challenge even a very aggressive CIA.  Barnes reports the "senior Biden administration officials" think if the problem is ever resolved it will be through a scientific breakthrough rather than an intelligence coupe.

While the pandemic could be a dramatic example of chemistry gone badly awry, Barnes reporting makes the assertion that science, implicitly chemical science, is the key to finding what went wrong.  In that sense it strengthens the notion that chemistry can do good or ill depending on how we use it.  That is, of course, the realistic and ultimately positive view we would like to see encouraged.

 

 

Cleaning up the water using chemistry

 https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/03/250331151253.htm

In this article, the chemical process they use involves adding granulated activated carbon, and superheating to 3000C to break down the forever chemical polyfluroalkyl substances, is not only able to clean certain types of plastic from water sources, but they can chemically convert it to grahene, which can be used in batteries, solar panels, and other electronics, repurposing the matter